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| The mood was festive as the public viewed the remains of John Dillinger in 1934 |
Chicago, IL—In the early 1970’s I was assigned to remove
murder suspects from the Cook County Jail and take them to the Cook County
Morgue. The old Morgue seen above in
rare photos was located at Polk and Woods Streets on Chicago’s West side. It was near the Cook County Hospital. It has since been torn down.
From 1960 until 1976 the elected Cook County Coroner was the
late Andrew J. Toman, MD. Various
forensic pathologists appointed by the Cook County Board have since replaced
Dr. Toman. It is now called the Office
of The Cook County Medical Examiner.
In those days Coroner’s Inquests into the manner of death were
held. They were presided over by a Cook
County Deputy Coroner and a jury of six men hearing the testimony and reviewing
the complicated evidence determined if the death was a crime or from some other
means.
Homicide detectives would provide testimony and the
pathology and toxicology reports were also entered into evidence. Anyone in police custody charged in
connection with the death was asked to testify subject to standard Miranda
warnings.
The Jury was comprised of men between 75 and 90-years
old. They were professional jurors that
used the paltry jury pay to supplement their retirement pensions and Social
Security. They wore old tattered suits
and one of the men had a hideous looking fake hand. It was made out of wood and covered with a
black leather glove. One of the fingers
was torn and the wooden index finger was exposed.
They seemed to enjoy their duty and sense of importance.
Often I’d eat my carry out lunch inside of the jury
deliberation room while the elderly fellows were deliberating. The jury members played cards and talked
sports rather than the business at hand.
They would soon signal signal that a verdict was reached and the foreman
would dutifully recite it on the record.
The reality was a secret hand signal from the Deputy Coroner to the jury
foreman determined just what the verdict would be! It was anything but a dramatic scene like the one
in that great film, Twelve Angry Men.
The jury foreman recited the Murder verdicts this way: “We
the jury, sworn on the remains of (name of the victim) find this occurrence to
have been murder and we recommend that the defendant now in police custody be
held on a charge of murder until released by due process of law.”
Coroner’s Inquest verdicts were never binding upon
prosecutors and they were considered duplicative and unnecessary. Prosecutors demanded to have the last word on
prosecutions and too often the Coroner’s jury disagreed with them. The new laws of the Medical Examiner system eliminated the Inquest proceedings altogether, at least in Cook County.
In the case of police justified killings the cops were
required to testify despite their right to claim protection against
self-incrimination.
Laws and attitudes have changed over the years along with
the press and public’s right to know exactly what was happening behind the
walls of this local government facility.
In 1934 when FBI agents and East Chicago, Indiana cops at
Chicago’s Biograph Theater on North Lincoln Avenue gunned down the infamous
fugitive gangster, John Dillinger the
press and the public had the absolute right to view Dillinger’s remains. He was put on display for the morbidly curious.
That would not happen today under present laws.
Prior to late 1976, the office of Cook County Coroner
existed and operated under laws that have changed considerably.
As for my exposure to forensic pathology, I sat through hundreds of inquests and during breaks I’d go downstairs and watch the
autopsies. I can say that I’ve closely watched between 700 and 800 of them.
I’ve
seen every conceivable kind of death up close and personal. Unfortunately they included murdered cops, a
very pretty friend and neighbor who was stabbed to death along with two friends killed
in car accidents. Then there was a high school acquaintance shotgunned to death by police when he was caught burglarizing a supermarket one night.
That along with my experience as an Army medical corpsman this was quite an education. As a police or
private investigator understanding related medical documents and testimony is often very important.
The various changes of the law involving the Coroner/Medical
Examiner came as the direct result of a Federal Grand Jury probe of the infamous
December, 1969 Black Panther Party Raid that resulted in the justifiable deaths of Fred Hampton and Mark Clark.
During the many years of litigation that followed the raid, practices of the
Coroner were criticized and some politicians demanded reforms. That's what led to the changes.
The autopsy protocol I became familiar with was long before
the fear of HIV and AIDS. Rubber gloves
were used for the most part, but not mandated.
Masks and eye protection was rarely used unless the remains were really
over-ripe.
The bodies were kept on somewhat clean stainless steel
gurneys and the remains were covered with plain brown butcher paper. Standard autopsy tables with running water
were used and above with the lights were microphones for dictation by the attending
pathologists.
The head physician was an
elderly man, Jerry J. Kerns, MD who sat at a desk with his back to the autopsy tables.
The bodies were first measured and weighed with a
floor scale. The weight of the gurney
was then deducted from the total weight.
The autopsy assistants or dieners (their proper title) were all
exclusively African-American males. They
were political patronage workers with limited educations including some that were functionally illiterate. Let me defend these men
because they all knew human anatomy really well. They taught me a lot!
The dieners could trace bullet wound tracks through organs and tissue better than the pathologists and could easily recognize an internal organ that was in anyway abnormal due to size, shape or color. They could tell an adrenal gland from a pituitary gland in a split second.
The pathologist would look at the remains and dictate what
he saw and return to his desk. The
dieners would usually open the body, and rib cage. Ordinary tree pruning shears are the choice
tool for quickly and cleanly cutting the rib bones away from the breastbone.
They then would cut the scalp pulling the forward and
anterior flaps down exposing the skull.
They would use a Stryker cast saw to cut the top of the skull so the
brain could be easily removed. It was at
that point the pathologist would take a look and either take over or simply
tell the dieners what was needed.
The internal organs were all removed one at a time, weighed
and sectioned using chef's knives and the samples were preserved in containers for further examination. What was left including the brain, was placed
in a plastic or rubber trash container lined with a large plastic bag.
The most unpleasant part of the procedure for me followed the opening of the stomach and the examination of its contents. The pathologists would often sniff the contents trying to determine what and when was the last meal. It's exactly like examining vomit.
When the autopsy was concluded the dieners
would replace the brain with a large wad of cotton and the scull cap was
repositioned. The scalp was pulled back over
and stitched with a large upholstery needle with butcher string.
That large plastic bag filled with the viscera was stuffed into the open body cavity. The ribcage was closed and the breastbone laid on top were it belongs. The Y shaped
body cavity incision was closed using the same needle and string as the scalp.
The pathologist would dictate the rest of the report with
incredible speed of a rap artist. At that point they’d
rinse off the table and various tools.
Odors were kept under control with lots of liquid Pine-Sol detergent.
During obvious homicide related autopsies it was routine for
the homicide detectives to watch and actually make the recovery of bullets and
other similar projectiles. They’d
transport that evidence to the ballistics examiners at the various crime
labs. They'd also take pictures of the
remains and various wounds.
Today the dieners are now formally educated technicians, the butcher paper has been replaced with heavy duty plastic and everyone wears
protective gowns and faceguards. The
physician is present throughout the examination.
I wish to thank the late, Jerry J. Kerns, MD and Deputy
Coroner, Anthony J. Scriaffa along with some very capable dieners for their assistance
in this important part of my education.
I also must thank my wagon partners, most notably the late, L.C. Johnson
for guarding the prisoners while I was learning one floor below. I have no university credit hours or diploma
to show for this, but what an amazing education.
